The College of Cardinals (or Cardinalate) is the body of all cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church.. A function of the college is to advise the pope about church matters when he summons them to an ordinary consistory. Home > Documentation > Cardinals - Statistics. Europe as a whole also lost cardinal electors, from 52.1 percent of the college at the conclave to 45.6 percent today, the lowest percentage ever. As the worldwide Church grew in size, the duties of the Pope, and the administrative concerns of the Roman Church (diocese) grew. [39][40][d] He also required that the suburbicarian bishops elect one of themselves as the Dean and Vice-Dean of the college, instead of allowing them to select any member of the college. ", XXIII, 445 sqq.). [35] He consecrated the twelve non-bishop members of the College himself. From the beginning of the 12th century, the College of Cardinals started to meet as such, when the cardinal bishops, cardinal priests and cardinal deacons ceased acting as separate groups.[49]. Cardinal Gregory is among the “Cardinal Priests” so designated. The cardinals not only attend the meetings of the College but also make themselves available individually or with small panels of cardinals if the Pope requests their counsel in this way. Historically, cardinals were the clergy serving parishes of the city of Rome under its bishop, the pope. Between the 14th century and 17th century, there was much struggle for the College between the cardinals of the day and the reigning popes. A flock of cardinals can be called a college, conclave, radiance, or Vatican. [50], Under the terms of Pope Paul VI's 1970 motu proprio Ingravescentem aetatem, cardinals who reached the age of 80 before a conclave opened had no vote in papal elections. Type of Jurisdiction: Office Curial Office Roman Curia Although we see historically that there are three ranks of Cardinals (bishop, priest and deacon) it is now the practice that only bishops are elevated to the College of Cardinals. Unfortunately, their choice, John Paul I died only six weeks later. His immediate successor, Pope Pius IV (1559–1565), raised the limit to seventy-six. "The first time that the term cardinal appears in the Liber Pontificalis is in the biography of Pope Stephen III (IV) when in the Roman Synod of 769, it was decided that the Roman pontiff should be elected from among the deacons and cardinal priests." Angelo Sodano, Cardinal, Dean Emeritus . Other articles where Sacred College of Cardinals is discussed: Rabban bar Sauma: He was interviewed by the Sacred College of Cardinals, who, less interested in his mission than in his theological tenets, asked him to recite the Nestorian creed. [11][12][13] The capitulations of the 1484 (Pope Innocent VIII)[14] and 1513 (Pope Leo X) conclaves contained the same restriction. Reserving to the cardinals the election of the pope represented a significant shift in the balance of power in the Early Medieval world. var notice = document.getElementById("cptch_time_limit_notice_44"); })(120000); the reunion of the cardinals and the pope. Other changes to the College in the 20th century affected specific orders. Under the new rule there were 102, 27 of them Italian. List of Cardinals in order of Age. A Homily for the First Sunday of Advent, See What the End Shall Be – A Homily for the 4th Sunday of Advent. The College of Cardinals, formerly styled the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church. Most cardinals have additional duties, such as leading a diocese or archdiocese. [3], The word cardinal is derived from the Latin cardo, meaning "hinge". From this time on their functions and importance grew. The first class to form was that of the cardinal-deacons, direct theological descendants of the original seven ordained in Acts 6, followed by the cardinal-priests, and finally, the cardinal-bishops. History’s first Latin American pope has long sought to name cardinals from the “peripheries,” to show the universal nature of the church and … [23] His next consistory in 1976 brought the number of cardinal electors to its full complement of 120.[24]. display: none !important; ROME (AP) — Pope Francis is preparing to formally elevate 13 new cardinals, including the first African-American to receive the rank, in a ceremony marked in every way by the coronavirus pandemic: Two of the cardinals stayed home, the rest eschewed the usual celebrations and St. Peter’s Basilica was practically empty for Saturday’s service. II, Sec. Pages may have considerable notes/highlighting. Now that attention shifts on Saturday to the new Cardinals, (Including Archbishop Wilton Gregory of this Archdiocese), it might be good to spend a brief time reflecting on what a Cardinal is and how the College of Cardinals functions. College of Cardinals Traces Its Roots to Middle Ages Christopher Bellitto gives the history of the College of Cardinals, which does not date back to the earliest days of Christianity. Body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church, For the current membership of the College of Cardinals, see. The title of “Cardinal Bishop” only means that he holds the title of one of the “suburbicarian” (nearby dioceses of Rome listed above) or that he is the Dean of the College of Cardinals — or that he is a patriarch of an Eastern Catholic Church. The number of these cardinal deacons gradually rose over the years. It also convenes on the death or abdication of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor. ", continued this expansion, reaching 134 at his third consistory, Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church, History of the Catholic Church since 1962, Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State, List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See, Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia), Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See, Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City, Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City, Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici, Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes, Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, 1983 CIC, Bk. The Papal Princes: A History of the Sacred College of Cardinals by Glenn D. Kittler Readable copy. }. Please reload the CAPTCHA. Pope John Paul II reiterated the 120 maximum in 1996,[25][26] yet his appointments to the College resulted in more than 120 cardinal electors on 4 of his nine consistories, reaching a high of 135 in February 2001[27] and again in October 2003. Now that attention shifts on Saturday to the new Cardinals, (Including Archbishop Wilton Gregory of this Archdiocese), it might be good to spend a brief time reflecting on what a Cardinal is and how the College of Cardinals functions. Until 2013, the papal conclave had never chosen a pope from outside Europe. The exclusion of those who had turned 80 eliminated the voting rights of 25 cardinals. Name: Date of Birth: Type: Created by: Country: Continent: VANHOYE Card. Others felt that such a procedure would invite unseemly political bargaining, corruption, and perhaps even interference from foreign powers. Since 1962 all cardinals have been required to receive episcopal consecration unless they are granted an exemption from this obligation by the Pope. By the 11th Century the College of Cardinals took on more importance as they began to oversee the election of a new pope when this became necessary. In the Catholic church, the Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Cardinal Vice-Dean are the president and vice-president of the college. The Modern Scene – More could be said of the history but allow this to bring us to modern times [2]. [41][e] In June 2018, Pope Francis eased the rules governing the rank of cardinal bishop to open that rank to anyone of the pope's choosing, granting such cardinals the same privileges as those assigned suburbicarian sees. The cardinal deacons are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their eightieth birthday (such as Cardinal Dulles was). No canonical provisions exist regulating the authority of the College of Cardinals sede Romanâ impeditâ, i.e. By the end of the 14th century, the practice of having solely Italian cardinals had ceased. Please reload the CAPTCHA. Broderick, J.F. As for the functions of the College of Cardinals, we have already seen much of this in the history above. = [6], Popes respected that limit until Pope John XXIII increased the number of cardinals several times to 88 in January 1961[17] and Pope Paul VI continued this expansion, reaching 134 at his third consistory in April 1969. Perhaps it is good to start with a little history and then describe the present realities. Cardinal priests attended not only to their own ministry or parish but also convened regularly to oversee matters of Church discipline in the diocese of Rome. The Pope met regularly with them in something called the “consistory,” i.e. in case the pope became insane, or personally a heretic; in such cases it would be necessary to consult the dictates of right reason and the teachings of history. if ( notice ) History [1]– Originally the term “cardinal” simply referred to any priest who was attached to a particular church or diocese. Albert, S.I. Until 2013, the so-called College of Cardinals never elected a non-European pope. TheCollege of Cardinals is the collection of cardinals within the Roman Catholic Church. Stephen decreed that all cardinal-bishops were bound to sing Mass on rotation at the high altar at St. Peter's Basilica, one per Sunday. [6], From the 13th to 15th centuries, the size of the College of Cardinals never exceeded thirty, although there were more than thirty parishes and diaconal districts which could potentially have a titular holder; Pope John XXII (1316–1334) formalized this norm by limiting the college to twenty members. 1. [44], For the Middle Ages, sources concerning the size of the College of Cardinals are most frequently those relating to papal elections and conclaves. In more recent centuries the term came only to be used of Rome. Most recently this happened with Cardinal Avery Dulles who was elevated to Cardinal but remained a priest. [47], Canon law sets the general qualifications for a man to be appointed bishop quite broadly, requiring someone of faith and good reputation, at least thirty-five years old and with a certain level of education and five years' experience as a priest. [19][20][a] Then, in 1975, Paul set the maximum number of those under 80, the cardinal electors, at 120. In a way it was like the modern notion of a local synod. function() { The college acquired particular importance following the crowning of Henry IV as King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor at the age of six, after the unexpected death of Henry III in 1056. And thus we find the term cardinal used in the Church at Rome (from at least fifth century) to designate priests permanently serving in the Roman parishes and ministries under the Bishop of Rome, the Pope— These were the “cardinal priests.” However, as the number of priests grew, not all the priests attached to these Roman parishes were known as cardinal, but only the first priest in each such parish—i.e. In these meetings were regularly treated doctrinal questions of faith, disciplinary matters, canonizations, approvals of rules of new orders, indulgences for the Universal Church, rules for papal elections, the calling of general councils, appointing of Apostolic legates and vicars etc. This idea was rejected, however, because some felt that making such a choice would be too divisive an issue and leave too many hard feelings in the Congress. The Sacred College of Cardinals, with its structure of three orders (bishops, priests, and deacons), originated in the reform of Urban II (1088–99). All of Paul's successors have at times exceeded the 120 maximum (except for Pope John Paul I, who did not hold any consistory during his very short reign). [36][c] In February 1965, Pope Paul VI decided that an Eastern Rite Patriarch who is created a cardinal would no longer be assigned a titular church in Rome, but maintain his see and join the order of cardinal bishops, the rank previously reserved to the six cardinals assigned to the suburbicarian dioceses. The word cardinal is derived from the Latin cardo, meaning "hinge". The Constitutional Convention considered several possible methods of selecting a president. Thus we see that the Cardinals had varying ranks and functions. As for the functions of the College of Cardinals, we have already seen much of this in the history above. He appointed 13 new members to the College of Cardinals. College of Cardinals - Members from the United States. [53] Of the 115 cardinals who participated in the conclave that elected Pope Francis, 48 were appointed by Pope John Paul II and 67 by Pope Benedict XVI. Pope John Paul II's Universi Dominici gregis of 22 February 1996 modified that rule slightly, so that cardinals who have reached the age of 80 before the day the see becomes vacant are not eligible to vote. The College of Cardinals [From the Historical Notes in the "Annuario Pontificio 2013"] The Cardinals, who oversee the presbyterates of 25 titular and quasi parish churches of Rome, of which 7 are regional deaconries and 6 Palatine deaconries, and 7 (7th century: 6) Suburban Sees, are the advisers and collaborators of the Pope. There are not to be “free-ranging” priests. Cardinal Deacons – During all this time just described there also existed a group known as the cardinal deacons. They performed numerous duties but chief among them was record-keeping and the coordination of the care of the poor, cemeteries and the like. [33] However, the number of cardinal electors has yet to exceed 120 at the time of a conclave, or immediately before a consistory. Graph: Distribution of Cardinal electors and non-electors. John XXIII codified this and other rules for the College in, Paul VI codified this and other rules for the College in. The College of Cardinals also convenes on the death or abdication of a pope as a papal conclave to elect a successor. They were, assistants of the pope in his liturgical functions, in the care of the poor, the administration of papal finances and possessions, and met in synod over the disposition of important matters to include Church discipline. [2], As of 28 November 2020,[update] the college has 229 members, 128 of whom are eligible to participate in a conclave. They not only saw to the election but they also ran things during the interregnum. Now that attention shifts on Saturday to the new Cardinals, (Including Archbishop Wilton Gregory of this Archdiocese), it might be good to spend a brief time reflecting on what a Cardinal is and how the College of Cardinals functions. These ranks within the college do not necessarily correspond to a cardinal’s rank of ordination; e.g., the bishop of a diocese such as New York City or Paris may be a cardinal priest. [10], In 1517 Pope Leo X added another thirty-one cardinals, bringing the total to sixty-five so that he could have a supportive majority in the College of Cardinals. [7], The conclave capitulation of the papal conclave, 1352 limited the size of the college to twenty, and decreed that no new cardinals could be created until the size of the college had dropped to 16; however, Pope Innocent VI declared the capitulation invalid the following year.[8][9]. [18], The total size of the College lost its significance when Paul decided to allow only cardinals under the age of 80 to vote in a conclave from 1971 onward. × The Pope increasingly came to call on bishops of nearby dioceses (esp. These might include matters of disciplining the clergy, filling vacancies and so forth. The total size of the College has continually increased since 1971, reaching 229 in November 2020, of which almost half (101) were over the age limit of 80. Given their elevated status over a deacon who only served a parish, they came to be called cardinal deacons. "The first time that the term cardinal appears in the Liber Pontificalis is in the biography of Pope Stephen III (IV) when in the Roman Synod of 769, it was decided that the Roman pontiff should be elected from among the deacons and cardinal priests. The College is responsible for selecting the next pope whenever the incumbent dies or decides to resign. Though all the Cardinals are now bishops, the traditional distinctions are maintained. 1987. In modern times the function of the college is to advise the Pope about Church issues whenever he summons them to an ordinary consistory. In March 1994, the Cardinals were christened with a new name, the Arizona Cardinals. pp. Later however, from about the 4th Century through the late Middle Ages the term “cardinal” came to be used only of certain more prominent priests in the larger and more prominent dioceses of antiquity such as Constantinople, Milan, Ravenna, Naples, Sens, Trier, Magdeburg, and Cologne and of course, Rome. By 1976 the College of Cardinals contained 138 cardinals, by far the largest and most international group to serve up to that time. The office of cardinal as it is known today slowly evolved during the first millennium from the clergy of Rome. Perhaps it is good to start with a little history and then describe the present realities. It can be a startling appearance but is a natural part of their molting cycle. The conclave rules specify the procedures to be followed should they elect someone residing outside Vatican City or not yet a bishop.[52]. The Consistory will take place on Oct. 5. Perhaps it is good to start with a little history and then describe the present realities. The total number of cardinals from 1099 to 1986 has been about 2,900 (excluding possible undocumented 12th-century cardinals and cardinals appointed during the Western Schism by pontiffs now considered to be antipopes, and subject to some other sources of uncertainty), nearly half of whom were created after 1655. Time limit is exhausted. But there is nothing new about the oldest team in terms of continuous operation in pro football history. I, Chap. three Each cardinal is appointed by the pope and represents the upper echelon of the Catholic Church. Your email address will not be published. Even to this day we speak of diocesan priests as being “incardinated” (or attached) to a certain diocese or religious order, and this is required for every priest. The Roman Diocese was divided into seven regions and a deacon was assigned to each. The College of Cardinals. "[4], In 845 the Council of Meaux "required Bishops to establish Cardinal titles or parishes in their towns and outlining districts". In 1961 Pope John XXIII reserved to the pope the right to assign any member of College to one of the suburbicarian sees and the rank of cardinal bishop. History [1]- Originally the term “cardinal” simply referred … [1] As of 28 November 2020,[update] its current membership is 229. Reluctant to do so, as Nestorianism was considered a heresy in the West, he left Rome and traveled to Paris, staying a month… It … Now that attention shifts to the College of Cardinals, it might be good to spend a brief time reflecting on what a Cardinal is and how the College of Cardinals functions. Cardinal Bishops – Yet again, during all this time there also emerged the cardinal bishops. college of cardinals • Body of all cardiuansl • Advise pope on church matters when pope calls upon them. In the 12th century, the Third Lateran Council declared that only Cardinals could assume the papacy, a requirement that has since lapsed. The two who did not participate were Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja (for health reasons) and Keith O'Brien (following allegations of sexual misconduct). Previously only the senior cardinal priest and the senior cardinal deacon had the privilege of requesting such an appointment (jus optionis) when a vacancy occurred. The Papal Princes: A History of the Sacred College of Cardinals Hardcover – January 1, 1960 by Glenn D. Kittler (Author) 4.7 out of 5 stars 3 ratings Before the new rule there were 127 cardinals eligible to vote for a new pope, 38 of them Italian. But it also involved matters pertaining to the laity insofar as they interacted with the Church. Required fields are marked *, (function( timeout ) { Still others felt that such an arrangement would upset the balance of … Pope Francis this weekend elevates 13 new members to the College of Cardinals… The consistory also oversaw matters concerning dioceses and bishops, creation, transfer, division, the nomination and confirmation of bishops, also their transfer, resignation, etc. [6], The College played an integral part in various reforms within the Church as well, as early as the pontificate of Pope Leo IX (1050). Cardinals are appointed by the pope for life. [15] The capitulation of the papal conclave, 1492 also is known to have contained some restriction on the creation of new cardinals. Cardinal priests today are generally bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold offices in the Curia. The office of cardinal as it is known today slowly evolved during the first millennium from the clergy of Rome. This was part of a larger power struggle, which became known as the Investiture Controversy, as the Church and the Emperor each attempted to gain more control over the appointment of bishops, and in doing so wield more influence in the lands and governments they were appointed to. Those who attain to this office have proven their worth as stable and wise counselors, good bishops of the Church. The Council of Basel (1431–1437, later transferred to Ferrara and then Florence) limited the size of the college to 24,[10] as did the capitulation of the papal conclave, 1464. [7] In the ensuing century, increasing the size of the College became a method for the pope to raise funds for construction or war, cultivate European alliances, and dilute the strength of the college as a spiritual and political counterweight to papal supremacy. ... • Most prominent personalities of 12 centruy and middle ages and church history in general 2002. Of the 117 cardinals under the age of 80 at the time of Pope Benedict XVI's resignation, 115 participated in the conclave of March 2013 that elected his successor. [42], Pope Francis adjusted the rules regarding the Dean in December 2019 so they now serve for a term of 5 years which can be renewed by the Pope. [45] The group's size has historically been limited by popes, ecumenical councils, and even the College itself. Catholic Office of College of Cardinals. Virtual is Not the Same as Real. Ostia and Velletri, Porto and Santa Rufina, Albano, Frascati (Tusculum), Palestrina (Præneste), and Sabina) to represent him in an official capacity and to give him counsel. II, Pt. No change was made regarding the Vice-Dean. There are some echoes of all this in every diocese through a mechanisms known as the College of Deans and College of Consultors who assist the Bishop in administrative details and matters of Church discipline. Northern cardinals occasionally go bald, losing all the feathers on their heads and showing bare black or dark gray skin instead. notice.style.display = "block"; Archbishop Wilton Gregory of Washington, DC, made history Saturday afternoon at an installation ceremony in Rome. Among them, two already work in the Holy See in departments of great interest for the pope. [2], Since the emergence of the College of Cardinals in the Early Middle Ages, the size of the body has historically been limited by popes, ecumenical councils, and even the College itself. [28][b] Three of Pope Benedict XVI's five consistories resulted in more than 120 cardinal electors, the high being 125 in 2012. [5] At the same time, the popes began referring to the cardinal priests of Rome to serve as legates and delegates within Rome at ceremonies, synods, councils, etc., as well as abroad on diplomatic missions and councils. Roman. 241–242. Others run a department of the Roman Curia. In 1130, under Urban II, all the classes were permitted to take part in papal elections; up to this point, only cardinal-bishops had this role. Cardinal priests are the largest of the three orders of cardinals. Arizona Cardinals history including past stats and statistics, results, scores, rosters and draft results TheCollege of Cardinalsis the collection of Cardinals within the Roman Catholic Church. [34] In 1962 he established that all cardinals should be bishops, ending the identification of the order of cardinal deacon with cardinals who were not bishops. Time limit is exhausted. }, Pope Francis made history by naming the first African American to the college of Cardinals. timeout HOLY FATHER: COLLEGE OF CARDINALS: ROMAN CURIA . • They come together to help solve a papal vacancy when needed. The function of the College of Cardinals a group known as the cardinal Vice-Dean are president... 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